In Switzerland, 2C-B is listed in Appendix D of the DetMV and its possession is illegal. [53] The September 1998 issue of the Journal of Analytical Toxicology reported that very little data are available on the pharmacological properties, metabolism and toxicity of 2C-B. The relationship between its use and death is unknown. [5] The usual dose of oral leisure is approximately 15 to 25 mg,[12] where visual and auditory effects occur. Serious side effects are extremely rare, but the use of 2C-B has been associated with significant brain injury in one case report; The so-called „2C-B” was never really detected by testing, so the only evidence suggesting that 2C-B was the cause was the victim`s own words, and drug adulteration and toxic contaminants are very common in illegal drugs. [13] 2C-B is controlled in Australia and is on the list of substances subject to import and export controls (Appendix B). It was included in the First Appendix of the Drug Abuse and Trafficking Act when it was first noticed in 1994 when chemist R. Simpson was commissioned into a shop window to manufacture the substance in Sydney. Alexander Shulgin came to Australia to testify on behalf of the defence, without success. New groups of „synthetic drugs” have gained popularity in recent years. These products mimic the euphoric effects of other well-known illegal drugs, but are advertised as „legal” highs and sold on the Internet, in raves and nightclubs, as well as in head stores. Series 2C drugs are ring-substituted phenethylamines, which belong to a group of active ingredients of design whose structure is similar to that of 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy).
Understanding the pharmacology and toxicology of these agents is essential to provide the best medical care to these patients. This review focuses on the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical effects and treatment of 2C drug intoxication based on the available published literature. Several names under which 2C drugs are sold have been identified and presented in tabular form. Common characteristics identified in patients intoxicated with 2C included hallucinations, agitation, aggression, violence, dysphoria, high blood pressure, tachycardia, convulsions and hyperthermia. Patients may experience sympathomimetic symptoms or symptoms consistent with serotonin toxicity, but the presentation of excited delirium appears to be consistent in deaths attributed to 2C drugs; At least five deaths have been reported in the literature in patients who have been alcoholic with 2C drugs. 2C drugs are a group of intoxicants by design, many of which are marketed as legal, but may carry risks that consumers are unaware of. These drugs may be characterized by serotonin toxicity or sympathomimetic toxidrome, but a presentation consistent with excited delirium is consistent among reported 2C-related deaths. Treatment of 2C poisoning is mainly favorable, but against the background of stimulated delirium, hyperthermia and epileptic activity, immediate action is necessary.
Throughout the 1980s, 2C-B remained an unprogrammed (and therefore legal) popular replacement for MDMA. In January 1994, the drug was planned by the U.S. government, followed by ongoing planning in June 1995. In 2018, Kanye West gave a boost to the awareness of the existence of the somewhat obscure psychedelic drug when he mentioned it on his album Ye before seeking medical help for drug addiction. Both 2C-B and 2CT-7 are Class A drugs. This means that it is illegal to have, give or sell them. Possession can earn you up to seven years in prison or an unlimited fine, or both. If you take care of someone else, even your friends, you can result in a life sentence or an unlimited fine, or both. The general public has long been aware of traditional illicit drugs such as cocaine, marijuana and methamphetamine.
Synthetic drugs were developed in the 1960s to circumvent the provisions of existing drug laws by making available analogues or derivatives of currently available drugs. Synthetic drugs, including the class 2C discussed in this article, are not new, but have gained popularity. Manufacturers of synthetic drugs intentionally modify the structure of these drugs to stay one step ahead of drug laws, making it difficult for clinicians to stay up to date. Structural manipulation to create new connections, the promotion of these connections as „legal” highs, and easy access to synthetic drugs on the Internet, raves, nightclubs, and sales in headshops have rejuvenated and encouraged the current resurgence of synthetic drugs [1, 2]. 2C-B was first published on 1. April 1999 was classified as a „health hazard” under the Law Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor [sv] (Law on the Prohibition of Certain Dangerous Goods) under sfs 1999:58[50], which made the sale or possession illegal. Then, from 1 June 2002, it became Annex I, published in LVFS 2002: 4 [51], but incorrectly called in the document „2-CB”. However, this has been corrected in a new document, LVFS 2009:22[52], with effect from 9 December 2009. The 2Cs are considered „drugs or chemicals of concern” by the DEA [10].
Substances listed by the DEA as „drugs or chemicals of concern” are substances listed in Schedule 1 or II under the Controlled Substances Act, 1970 (CSA) and its subsequent amendments, or are compounds currently under consideration for planning under the CSA. In the summer of 2012, the following 2Cs were classified as List I controlled substances: 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine (2C-B) and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) [10]. Recently, 2C-E, 2C-D, 2C-C, 2C-I, 2C-T2, 2C-T4, 2C-H, 2C-N and 2C-P have also been added to the shortlist of List 1 [11]. Under the analogous legislation of the Controlled Substances Act, it is also illegal to trade compounds that correspond to the intended phenethylamines, which would include many other previously synthesized and currently available active ingredients [10, 11]. However, this law does not exclude the possession and use of unprogrammed 2Cs [10, 11]. In Belgium, 2C-B is a controlled substance that makes production, distribution and possession illegal. 2C-B became popular in the United States as a short-lived substitute for ecstasy when MDMA became illegal in 1985. [7] Many 2C-B users are young adults who participate in raves. [3] Although 2C-B is still used in the rave subculture, often confused with ecstasy and/or sold, its intentional use became more common in the 2000s.
[8] Substitution of the 2C structure by designers may result in an increase in hallucinogenic activity.